Answer :
Final answer:
The subskill of fluency that cannot be improved through instruction is Rapid Automized Naming (RAN). Unlike decoding and orthographic knowledge, RAN is influenced by cognitive processes and is less responsive to direct instruction. Therefore, while decoding and orthographic skills can be enhanced through teaching methods, RAN remains more stable and develops naturally over time.
Explanation:
Understanding Fluency Subskills
Fluency in reading includes various subskills, such as decoding, Rapid Automized Naming, and orthographic knowledge, each contributing differently to a student’s reading ability.
Among these, Rapid Automized Naming (RAN) is a subskill that is often argued cannot be improved significantly through direct instruction. RAN refers to the ability to quickly name a series of objects, colors, numbers, or letters. While decoding skills can be taught and refined through instructional methods such as phonics, and orthographic knowledge can be enhanced through exposure to written language and practice, RAN tends to be more stable and influenced by a student's underlying cognitive processes, ranging from memory to processing speed. For instance, students may struggle with RAN even if they are proficient in decoding and have solid orthographic knowledge.
This means improving RAN is largely dependent on cognitive development and practice rather than instructional intervention. In contrast, decoding involves learning specific strategies and rules about how to turn letters into sounds, which can undoubtedly be taught. Orthographic knowledge encompasses an understanding of spelling patterns and rules that can also be systematically taught, allowing students to recognize words more effectively.
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