Answer :
Final answer:
The Fourth Amendment requires searches and seizures to be based on probable cause, a legal standard indicating sufficient justification for police action. This standard is lower than the threshold required for a criminal conviction. Therefore, the answer is option a: probable cause.
Explanation:
Understanding the Fourth Amendment
The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. To comply with this amendment, law enforcement must have a legal standard known as probable cause to perform a search or seizure. Probable cause is defined as having reasonable grounds to believe that a crime has been committed or that evidence of a crime will be found.
While probable cause is the standard required for obtaining a search warrant, it is important to note that this threshold is lower than the standard needed for conviction in a criminal trial, which is beyond a reasonable doubt.
Moreover, prior to obtaining probable cause, law enforcement may act on reasonable suspicion, a standard established in the case of Terry v. Ohio (1968). This allows police to stop and frisk individuals if they have a reasonable belief that a crime is about to occur. However, such actions do not fulfill the requirement to officially search or seize without a warrant.
In summary, the correct answer to your question is that all searches and seizures must be based on probable cause.
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