Answer :
Balkanization is the breaking up of a large state into smaller, more ethnically cohesive entities. Additionally, ethnic conflict within multiethnic states is referred to by the term. It was first used to describe the ethnic and political division that followed the fall of the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the Balkans, at the end of World War I.
Following the dissolution of the British and French colonial empires in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s, Balkanization has taken place in locations other than the Balkans. At the beginning of the 1990s, the breakup of Yugoslavia and the fall of the Soviet Union resulted in the formation of a number of new states, many of which were unstable and mixed ethnically, and subsequent violence between them. Some of the successor states made irredentist territorial claims against their neighbors and had ethnic and religious divisions that appeared to be insurmountable. Conflicts over ethnic borders and enclaves, for instance, plagued Armenia and Azerbaijan. Ethnic divisions and the intervention of Yugoslavia and Croatia in the 1990s caused widespread fighting in Bosnia and Herzegovina between Serbs, Croatians, and Bosniaks (Muslims) for control of important villages and roads. In an effort to break Muslim resistance, Bosnian Serbs and Serbian paramilitary groups occupied Sarajevo, Bosnia's capital, for nearly 1,400 days between 1992 and 1995. More than 10,000 people, including approximately 1,500 children, perished in the fighting.
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Balkanization refers to the fragmentation that occurred in the Balkans following World War I, primarily affecting the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian Empires, which led to the creation of smaller, ethnically distinct nation-states.
The term balkanization was first used to describe the fragmentation of the Balkan region, particularly after the collapse of three large empires as a consequence of World War I. These empires were the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Russian Empire. The breakup of these empires led to the creation of many smaller, often ethnically-based, nation-states. A prominent example of balkanization is the formation of Yugoslavia from territories previously under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as the breakup of the Ottoman and Russian Empires into various independent nations, such as Czechoslovakia, Poland, and others.
In the aftermath of the Ottoman Empire's decline, ethnic and nationalist tensions led to the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), a series of conflicts that escalated and contributed to the onset of World War I. The concept of balkanization continued to hold relevance in the political arena, reflecting the enduring patterns of fragmentation and instability in the region.
