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The failure criteria recommended by the AustRoads Pavement Design Guide is given by the following formula and the values of the fatigue constants for a range of candidate pavement materials are given in Table Q2A below:

\[ N = \frac{K}{(\mu \epsilon)^b} \]

Where:
- \( N \) = Allowable Number of Load Repetitions to Failure
- \( K \) = Fatigue Constant
- \( b \) = Exponent
- \( \mu \epsilon \) = Induced Strain (microstrain)

### Pavement Layer Modulus (MPa) Constants

| Pavement Layer | Modulus (MPa) | Constant \( K \) | Exponent \( b \) |
|----------------------|---------------|------------------|------------------|
| Asphalt | 4000 | 3400 | 5 |
| Cemented Material | 3600 | 350 | 12 |
| Subgrade | 40 | 8511 | 7.14 |

**Table Q2A Damage Criterion**

The associated relationships for design traffic have been supplied as follows:
\[ NSA = 1.1 \times NE \]
\[ NSC = 10 \times NE \]
\[ NSS = 1.1 \times NE \]

Where:
- \( NE \) = Design Traffic Loading (ESAs)
- \( NSA \) = Standard axles with equivalent damage in asphalt (SAs)
- \( NSC \) = Standard axles with equivalent damage in cemented materials (SAs)
- \( NSS \) = Standard axles with equivalent damage in subgrade (SAs)

Calculated strains for a range of cemented subbase thicknesses have been completed using CIRCLY as summarized in Table Q2B for a pavement having an asphalt surface 225 mm thick.

### Computed Maximum Strains (με)

| Pavement Layer | Cemented Subbase Thickness | 150 mm | 175 mm | 200 mm | 225 mm |
|---------------------|----------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| Asphalt | | 27 | 22.9 | 20 | 17.9 |
| Cemented Subbase | | 74.7 | 66.9 | 60 | 54.1 |
| Subgrade | | 198.9 | 178.1 | 160.3 | 144.9 |

**Table Q2B Computed Maximum Strains (με)**

Based on the information supplied, showing all calculations and any assumptions, determine the required pavement composition for a Design Traffic Loading of \( 5.80 \times 10^7 \) ESAs.

Answer :

Final answer:

The required pavement composition for a Design Traffic Loading of 5.80 x 107 ESAs can be determined by following the steps outlined in the AustRoads Pavement Design Guide. This involves calculating the Standard Axles with Equivalent Damage in Asphalt (NSA), Standard Axles with Equivalent Damage in Cemented Materials (NSC), and Standard Axles with Equivalent Damage in Subgrade (NSS) using the given relationships and then using these values along with the fatigue constants, exponent, and induced strain to determine the required pavement composition.

Explanation:

To determine the required pavement composition for a Design Traffic Loading of 5.80 x 107 ESAs, we need to follow the steps outlined in the AustRoads Pavement Design Guide.

  1. Calculate the Standard Axles with Equivalent Damage in Asphalt (NSA), Standard Axles with Equivalent Damage in Cemented Materials (NSC), and Standard Axles with Equivalent Damage in Subgrade (NSS) using the given relationships:
  2. NSA = 1.1 x NE
  3. NSC = 10 x NE
  4. NSS = 1.1 x NE
  5. Substitute the Design Traffic Loading (NE = 5.80 x 107 ESAs) into the equations to calculate the values of NSA, NSC, and NSS.
  6. Using the calculated values of NSA, NSC, and NSS, determine the pavement composition based on the allowable number of load repetitions to failure, fatigue constant, exponent, and induced strain.
  7. Refer to Table Q2A to find the fatigue constants for the candidate pavement materials.
  8. Calculate the induced strain (με) using the computed maximum strains from Table Q2B for different pavement materials and subbase thicknesses.
  9. Substitute the calculated values of NSA, NSC, NSS, fatigue constants, exponent, and induced strain into the failure criteria formula to determine the required pavement composition.

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