Answer :
CMAR (Construction Manager at Risk) and IPD (Integrated Project Delivery) are both project delivery methods used in the construction industry. They are characterized in several ways. Let's look at the options given:
(A) Virtual design and construction: While virtual design and construction can be used in both CMAR and IPD, it is not a defining feature of both.
(B) Early contractor engagement: This is the correct option. Both CMAR and IPD involve early contractor engagement. In CMAR, the contractor is involved early in the design process, providing input and helping to manage costs and schedule. Similarly, IPD emphasizes the involvement of all key stakeholders, including contractors, designers, and owners, from the very beginning to foster collaboration.
(C) Low bid awards: This is not a characteristic of either CMAR or IPD. Low bid awards are more typical of traditional Design-Bid-Build projects where the contract is awarded to the lowest bidder.
(D) Pull planning: While pull planning might be used in these delivery methods to manage schedules, it is not a defining characteristic of both CMAR and IPD.
Therefore, the best answer is:
(B) early contractor engagement
