Answer :
Final answer:
In world systems theory, peripheral countries are primarily exploited by core countries due to their dependence on capital and underdeveloped industry. The correct option is 1.
Explanation:
According to world systems theory, developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, the global economy divides nations into a hierarchical structure of core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries. Peripheral countries are the ones that are exploited by other categories of countries, particularly the core countries. This is because peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry, and therefore core countries exploit them for labor and raw materials. On the other hand, semi-peripheral countries are less developed than core countries but more developed than peripheral ones, and share characteristics of both groups.
Thus, when considering the question of which categories of countries are exploited by other categories, the correct answer is that both semi-peripheral and peripheral countries can be subject to exploitation, but it is primarily the peripheral countries that are exploited by the core countries.
