Answer :
The correct answer is b. guilt and shame, as they represent emotions and psychological states that encourage self-regulation and adherence to societal norms, acting as internalized controls.
The concept of internalized controls refers to personal feelings and psychological mechanisms that help individuals restrain themselves from behaving in socially unacceptable ways. These controls are distinguished from external mechanisms such as laws and formal sanctions, which are imposed by external entities to enforce behavior.
Among the options given, the answer is guilt and shame. Both guilt and shame are emotions that come from within an individual. Guilt is the feeling of responsibility or remorse for some offense, generally an internal sense of right and wrong. Shame, on the other hand, involves a feeling of embarrassment or humiliation, often because one believes that they have failed to live up to one's own standards or the expectations of others. These feelings align individual behavior with societal norms, making them a form of internalized control.
Sanctions and laws, mentioned in other options, are generally forms of external control, as they are applied by society to regulate behavior, through either informal or formal systems. For instance, sanctions can range from informal community disapproval to formal legal penalties. Hence the correct answer is b. guilt and shames.
