Answer :
The correct option is c. TGF- β pathway. The distinct regulatory pathway that involves Smad2/Smad4 is the TGF-β pathway. TGF-β pathway: TGF-β pathway stands for transforming growth factor-beta pathway. It is a cell-signaling pathway that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (cell death).
The TGF-β pathway consists of three proteins called TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, that work together with various cell-surface receptors, intracellular signaling proteins, and transcription factors, such as Smad2/Smad4, to regulate gene expression and cellular responses. TGF-β pathway activation: There are two ways TGF-β pathway can be activated, depending on the ligand that binds to its receptors: In canonical TGF-β pathway activation, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, or TGF-β3 binds to its receptors, activating the phosphorylation of Smad2/Smad3 proteins.
In non-canonical TGF-β pathway activation, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, or TGF-β3 can activate other downstream signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway, or the Rho/ROCK pathway, to regulate gene expression and cellular responses. Regulatory pathways that involve Smad2/Smad4:Smad2/Smad4 is a complex of two proteins that mediates canonical TGF-β signaling by translocating into the nucleus and binding to DNA. Smad2/Smad4 complex is also involved in other signaling pathways such as BMP, activin, and nodal pathways.
However, Wnt pathway, Ras -Raf- PI3K pathway, p53 pathway, and Ras-MAPK-cyclin D pathway are not related to Smad2/Smad4. Therefore, the correct option is c. TGF- β pathway.
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