Answer :
Final answer:
Rheumatoid arthritis typically leads to two hand deformities: Swan neck deformity and boutonniere deformity. These are caused by the inflammation and subsequent damage of the joint capsule and synovial membrane, which are characteristic symptoms of this autoimmune disease.
Explanation:
The two hand deformities commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are option a) Swan neck deformity and boutonniere deformity. RA is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects synovial joints, primarily in the hands, feet, and cervical spine. The inflamed joint capsule and synovial membrane can lead to severe damage or destruction of the articular cartilage, resulting in these deformities. In Swan neck deformity, the finger's joint closest to the fingertip is permanently bent towards the palm, while the closest joint to the palm is bent away from it. In contrast, boutonniere deformity is characterized by a finger bent into the shape of a buttonhole.
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