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------------------------------------------------ Use the periodic table to determine the electron configuration for Ca and Pm in noble-gas notation.

[tex]Ca :[/tex]

A. [Ar] 4s[tex]^{2}[/tex]

B. [Ar] 4s[tex]^{1}[/tex]

C. [Ar] 3s[tex]^{2}[/tex]

D. [Kr] 4s[tex]^{2}[/tex]

Answer :

Sure, let's break down the noble-gas notation electron configurations for calcium (Ca) and promethium (Pm) step-by-step.

### Calcium (Ca)
1. Determine the Atomic Number: Calcium has an atomic number of 20, meaning it has 20 electrons.
2. Find the Nearest Noble Gas Preceding Calcium: The nearest noble gas before calcium is argon (Ar), which has an atomic number of 18. This means argon has the electron configuration of [tex]\(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6\)[/tex].
3. Write the Configuration Beyond the Noble Gas: After argon, we need to account for 2 more electrons to reach calcium. These electrons will go into the 4s orbital.

So, the noble-gas notation for calcium is:
[tex]\[ \text{Ca:} \, [\text{Ar}] 4s^2 \][/tex]

### Promethium (Pm)
1. Determine the Atomic Number: Promethium has an atomic number of 61, meaning it has 61 electrons.
2. Find the Nearest Noble Gas Preceding Promethium: The nearest noble gas before promethium is xenon (Xe), which has an atomic number of 54. Xenon has the electron configuration of [tex]\(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^6 5s^2 4d^{10} 5p^6\)[/tex].
3. Write the Configuration Beyond the Noble Gas: After xenon, we need to account for the remaining 7 electrons. These electrons will fill the 4f and 6s orbitals.
- 5 electrons will go into the 4f orbital.
- 2 electrons will go into the 6s orbital.

So, the noble-gas notation for promethium is:
[tex]\[ \text{Pm:} \, [\text{Xe}] 4f^5 6s^2 \][/tex]

### Final Answer
- Calcium (Ca): [tex]\([Ar] 4s^2\)[/tex]
- Promethium (Pm): [tex]\([Xe] 4f^5 6s^2\)[/tex]

I hope this detailed explanation helps you understand how to write the noble-gas electron configurations for calcium and promethium!