Use the following abstract to answer Questions 16 to 21.

Diabetes in the Workplace: Diabetics' Perceptions and Experiences of Managing Their Disease at Work - A Qualitative Study

Background:
Diabetes is one of the biggest public health challenges in the UK, with a higher sickness absence rate compared to the general population, leading to increased economic costs. Workplaces can either support or hinder diabetes management, yet little research has been conducted on the relationship between work and diabetes in the UK. This study explores employees with diabetes's perceptions and experiences.

Methods:
Forty-three people with diabetes were purposively recruited to explore workplace disease management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded, and transcribed. Analysis was done using a constant comparative approach.

Results:
Respondents who informed managers of their diabetic status felt managers had little understanding of how work environments affect their disease management. They didn't expect managerial support and were concerned about stigma. Work took precedence, requiring them to adapt disease management, often resulting in higher-than-optimal blood glucose levels, increasing long-term complication risks.

Conclusions:
Research shows a need for increased manager awareness of the benefits of supporting diabetic employees effectively at work. Tailored on-the-job support may be needed for effective disease management.

Reference:
Ruston A, Smith A, Fernando B (2013). "Diabetes in the workplace-diabetics' perceptions and experiences of managing their disease at work: a qualitative study." BMC Public Health, 13(386):1–10, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-386.

Questions:

Question 16:
Which of the following best describes the type of research approach employed in this study?
A. Autoethnography
B. Ethnography
C. Phenomenology
D. Grounded theory

Question 17:
What is the most appropriate 'aim' or 'goal' of research for this study?
A. Identify the lived experience
B. Interpret socially or historically significant phenomena
C. Investigate causal relationships
D. Test and refine theories

Question 18:
The sampling method used in this study can be described as:
A. Purposive
B. Convenience
C. Systematic
D. Snowball

Question 19:
In the article, the authors mention conducting semi-structured interviews covering participants' perceptions of the role of health professionals, managers, and colleagues in supporting and managing their disease. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Participants were interviewed individually using an interview guide with flexible questions.
B. Participants were interviewed individually using an interview guide with strict questions.
C. Participants completed a survey with questions rated on a Likert scale.
D. Participants were part of a group discussion facilitated by the researcher(s).

Question 20:
Due to the qualitative nature of this study, claims cannot be made to the representativeness of the results outside the study participants. This contrasts with the quantitative concept of:
A. Criterion validity
B. Internal validity
C. External validity
D. Construct validity

Question 21:
In this study on diabetics' perceptions and experiences of managing their condition at work, Ruston, Smith, and Fernando (2013) reported that two key themes were identified. This means that:
A. The comments made by the participants all fell into two categories.
B. Data saturation usually occurs after the identification of two key themes.
C. The study objectives specified that these two key themes should be investigated.
D. When analysing the data, two main areas of interest became apparent.

a) The participants were interviewed individually by the researcher(s) using an interview guide containing a set of questions from which the researchers could deviate dependent on participants' answers.

Question 20:

c) External validity

Question 21:

d) When analyzing the data to explore and identify its meaning, two main areas of interest became apparent.

Question 16: The research approach employed in this study is b) Ethnography. Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves the in-depth study and understanding of a particular group or culture. In this study, the researchers aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of employees with diabetes in managing their disease at work, which aligns with the ethnographic approach of understanding a specific group's experiences.

Question 17: The most appropriate aim or goal of research for this study is a) Identify the lived experience. The researchers sought to understand the firsthand experiences of employees with diabetes in managing their disease at work. By exploring their perceptions and experiences, the study aimed to identify the lived experiences of individuals with diabetes in the workplace.

Question 18: The sampling method used in this study can be described as a) Purposive. Purposive sampling refers to the intentional selection of participants based on specific criteria relevant to the research question. In this study, the researchers purposively recruited forty-three people with diabetes to gather insights into how they manage their disease in the workplace.

Question 19: The correct statement is a) The participants were interviewed individually by the researcher(s) using an interview guide containing a set of questions from which the researchers could deviate dependent on participants' answers. The participants in the study were individually interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach. The researchers used an interview guide containing a set of questions to explore participants' perceptions of the role of health professionals, managers, and work colleagues in supporting and managing their disease. However, the researchers had the flexibility to deviate from the guide based on the participants' answers, allowing for a deeper exploration of their experiences.

Question 20: Due to the qualitative nature of this study, claims cannot be made to the representativeness of the results outside of the study participants. This contrasts with the quantitative concept of c) External validity. External validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized to a larger population or other settings. In qualitative research, the focus is on understanding the specific experiences and contexts of the participants involved, and therefore, generalizability to the broader population is not the primary objective.

Question 21: When analyzing the data to explore and identify its meaning, two main areas of interest became apparent. This means that d) When analyzing the data to explore and identify its meaning, two main areas of interest became apparent. During the analysis process, the researchers identified two key themes that emerged from the participants' responses. These themes represented the main areas of interest or focus that emerged organically from the data. It does not mean that all comments fell into these two categories or that the study objectives specified these themes in advance. Instead, they were discovered during the analysis phase as important aspects of the participants' experiences.

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