Answer :
The purpose of subgoals in problem solving is to break down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts, ultimately guiding the solver closer to the goal state. This approach simplifies the process, aids in avoiding sub-optimal solutions, and facilitates the solving of the larger overarching problem. Thus, the correct answer is 3) the goal state.
The typical purpose of subgoals is to bring the problem-solver closer and closer to the goal state. This means that subgoals are designed to break down a larger, more complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts, thereby making it easier to reach the ultimate goal. For instance, when someone is trying to improve bicycle transportation in a city, they might set subgoals like installing bicycle lanes, educating cyclists and motorists, fixing potholes, and revising traffic laws related to cycling. Each subgoal is a step that contributes to the resolution of the larger issue, and tackling each separately can simplify the problem-solving process.
As another example, in engineering, design problems are often broken down into subproblems because solving these smaller problems is essential to solving the overall problem. In the realm of cognitive skills and problem solving, this approach helps avoid local optima or sub-optimal solutions by allowing the flexibility to adjust subgoals as needed. Even in AI development, subgoals can represent intermediate steps towards more complex tasks or desired end states. Thus, the correct answer is 3) the goal state.
