The table below shows the time spent (in minutes) on the graded practice exam 1 and the scores of 10 randomly selected ECN 221 online students.

Calculate the Z-score for grades when the grade is equal to 8.3. Use a standard deviation (s.d.) of 1.86. Round your final answer to four decimal places. Include the zero and the minus sign before the decimal place when needed, e.g., $-0.1234$. No credit will be given for rounding mistakes.

The Z-score represents how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean. It's calculated using the formula Z = (X - μ) / σ. However, as the mean is unknown from the question, it's impossible to compute the Z-score.

Explanation:

Calculating the Z-score in statistics gives you an idea of how far from the mean a data point is. The Z-score for a data point can be calculated using the formula: Z = (X - μ) / σ, where X is the data point, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation (in this case, s.d. = 1.86 as given). For this particular question, your grade is the data point (8.3), but the mean is unknown from the provided information. Thus, it is not possible to calculate the Z-score with the information given. If the mean were given, you would subtract the mean from 8.3 and then divide by 1.86 to get the Z-score.

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