Answer :
Searches at international borders (c) may be conducted without probable cause or a warrant.
This is because searches at international borders fall under special legal rules that allow government officials to conduct searches and seizures without needing a warrant or probable cause. For example, customs officers can inspect luggage, search personal items, and even conduct body searches to ensure that no illegal goods or substances are being brought into the country.
The rationale for this exception is primarily national security and the efficient administration of border control. Unlike searches in other contexts, where probable cause or reasonable suspicion might be required, border searches are considered reasonable under the Fourth Amendment due to the government’s interest in controlling who and what enters the country.
