Answer :
Grignard reagents must be used under anhydrous conditions to prevent rapid reaction with water, which forms hydrocarbons and reduces yields. Anhydrous conditions maintain reagent stability for controlled nucleophilic additions in organic synthesis.
Reactions involving Grignard reagents must be conducted under anhydrous (water-free) conditions due to the following reasons:
1. **Sensitivity to Water**: Grignard reagents, consisting of alkyl or aryl magnesium halides, are highly reactive nucleophiles. They react rapidly and irreversibly with water, leading to the formation of the corresponding hydrocarbon and magnesium hydroxide. This undesired side reaction consumes the Grignard reagent and diminishes the yield of the intended product.
2. **Formation of Hydroxide**: The reaction of Grignard reagents with water generates magnesium hydroxide and releases hydrogen gas, which can lead to pressure buildup and uncontrollable reactions.
3. **Stability of Reagent**: Anhydrous conditions ensure the stability of the Grignard reagent and enable the desired nucleophilic addition reactions with carbonyl compounds, enabling the synthesis of various organic compounds.
In summary, maintaining anhydrous conditions is crucial to prevent unwanted side reactions and maximize the success of Grignard reactions in organic synthesis.
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