**Q3** One of your friend's questions is how she can decide which study's results to believe. The first study seems to say that marital conflict and a history of divorce lead to divorce, but the second study indicates that these factors need not lead to divorce. Your friend describes that she is inclined to believe the results of the second study. She finds the personal examples the professor described from the second study more compelling than the numbers used to support the findings of the first study. What do you think?

**Q4** A quasi-experiment was used to determine whether multimedia instruction is effective. Two sections of introductory psychology were taught by the same instructor, both in the early afternoon. In one section (the treatment group), the instructor used multimedia instruction. In the other section, the instructor covered the same material but did not use multimedia instruction. Students did not know when they registered for the course whether multimedia instruction would be used, but the students were not randomly assigned to sections. Students’ knowledge of the course material was assessed using two forms of a comprehensive introductory psychology test. The comprehensive test can be considered a reliable and valid test that can be used to compare the effectiveness of the instruction in the two sections. The students in both sections were tested on the second day of class (the pretest) and at the final (the posttest). Different forms of the test were used at the pretest and at the posttest.

What quasi-experimental design is used in the study?