Answer :
Final answer:
The assertion that offensive cyber operations cannot include cyber-attacks and cyber exploitation is 2) false; these tactics are indeed part of such operations and are used to disrupt and gather intelligence from adversaries.
Explanation:
The statement is False. Offensive cyber operations often include cyber-attacks and cyber exploitation as tactics. These operations are intended to target computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices to disrupt, disable, or compromise the integrity of the targeted systems.
For example, governments and militant groups utilize offensive cyber operations in geopolitical conflicts, such as the brief war between Russia and Georgia in 2008. These cyber strategies are implemented to cause chaos, extract sensitive information, disrupt communications, or propagate misinformation. The presence of cyber-attacks by various actors, including cyber terrorists, demonstrates the weaponization of cyberspace in political and economic struggles.
Cyber-attacks are becoming increasingly common and represent a major security challenge. They typically unfold in multiple stages; initial reconnaissance involves collecting information about the target, such as IP addresses and system vulnerabilities. Due to their covert nature, these attacks can be difficult to detect and attribute, which may lead to further escalation of conflicts.
