Answer :
1. Role of the Cornea and Lens:
The cornea and lens focus light onto the retina. Abnormalities such as Mary's mild hyperopia cause light to focus behind the retina, leading to blurry vision and eye strain.
2. Pathophysiology of AMD:
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) deteriorates the macula, affecting central vision. It can cause vision loss, particularly in detailed vision. Although Mary shows no signs of AMD, treatments include nutritional supplements and anti-VEGF injections.
3. Role of Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma:
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) damages the optic nerve, leading to glaucoma. This condition causes progressive vision loss, starting with peripheral vision. Mary’s high IOP of 35 mmHg suggests glaucoma risk, treatable with medications, laser therapy, and surgery.
4. Development of Diabetic Retinopathy:
Diabetic retinopathy arises from high blood sugar damaging retinal blood vessels, leading to vision loss through macular edema and retinal detachment. Key features include microaneurysms and hemorrhages. Treatment involves blood sugar control, laser therapy, and anti-VEGF injections.
5. Causes of Mary’s Visual Symptoms:
Mary's blurry vision is primarily due to mild hyperopia, causing eye strain. Elevated IOP indicates a risk of glaucoma, which can impair vision over time. Regular monitoring is needed for AMD and diabetic retinopathy due to her age and diabetes.