Answer :
1) Horizontal specialization -->Employees tend to develop functional expertise in a specific area. 2) Vertical specialization -->Employees in higher management positions are given much more status than those in lower levels.
In the context of organizational characteristics, the types of specialization such as horizontal specialization and vertical specialization have distinct features.
Horizontal specialization refers to when employees tend to develop functional expertise in a specific area, focusing on specific functions like marketing, manufacturing, or information technology. It enables workers to perform with greater proficiency within their domain.
Vertical specialization, however, relates to the hierarchy within an organization where employees in higher management positions are given much more status and decision-making authority than those in lower levels, indicating a clear chain of command.
