Answer :
Final answer:
The best reagent and conditions for each reaction type are selected based on the desired transformation. Grignard reagents are used for nucleophilic addition reactions, acid-catalyzed hydration is used for addition reactions, nucleophilic substitution involves replacing one nucleophile with another, and reduction with LiAlH4 is used to convert carbonyl groups to alcohols.
Explanation:
In each reaction box, the best reagent and conditions can be selected based on the desired reaction type. Let's go through each option:
- A) Grignard reagent: This can be used for nucleophilic addition reactions where the Grignard reagent adds to a carbonyl group, resulting in the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. For example, a Grignard reagent like methylmagnesium bromide (CH3MgBr) can be used to convert an acid halide into a tertiary alcohol.
- B) Acid-catalyzed hydration: This reaction involves adding water (H2O) to an alkene in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an alcohol. It is an example of an addition reaction. For example, an alkene like ethene (CH2=CH2) can be converted to ethanol (CH3CH2OH) through acid-catalyzed hydration.
- C) Nucleophilic substitution: This reaction involves the substitution of one nucleophile for another. An example is the reaction of an alkyl halide with a nucleophile like hydroxide ion (OH-), resulting in the formation of an alcohol. For example, ethyl bromide (CH3CH2Br) can react with hydroxide ion to form ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
- D) Reduction with LiAlH4: This is a reduction reaction where LiAlH4 is used as the reducing agent to convert a carbonyl group (such as an aldehyde or ketone) to an alcohol. For example, an aldehyde like butanal (CH3CH2CH2CHO) can be reduced to butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) using LiAlH4.
