Answer :
Final answer:
The nitrate ion (NO3-) has three resonance structures where the nitrogen atom bears a formal charge of 1. These have varying bond distribution among nitrogen and oxygen atoms, representing distribution of electron density.
Explanation:
The nitrate ion (NO3-) demonstrates the concept of resonance which applies when more than one Lewis structure can be drawn for a molecule or an ion. In this case, the nitrogen atom bears a formal charge of 1. When we explore the various possible arrangements, we find that there are indeed three resonance structures for the nitrate ion which give the nitrogen atom a formal charge of 1. Each of these structures show nitrogen bonded to one of the oxygen atoms with a double bond and to the other two with single bonds. The double bond and single bonds continually shift amongst the three oxygen atoms, resulting in the average distribution of electron density that is a characteristic of resonance. This movement is marked using a double-headed arrow in Lewis structures.
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There are three resonance structures for the nitrate ion (NO3-) where the nitrogen atom has a formal charge of +1, and the actual structure is an average of these three.
The student has asked how many resonance structures can be written for the nitrate ion (NO3-) in which the nitrogen atom bears a formal charge of +1. In the case of the nitrate ion, there are three equivalent resonance structures that can be drawn. Each of these resonance structures has a nitrogen atom with a different oxygen atom double-bonded to it, and the other two oxygen atoms are single-bonded, with one of them having a negative formal charge.
According to resonance theory, the actual structure of the nitrate ion is a hybrid average of all three of these resonance forms. Each oxygen atom effectively has a formal charge of -2/3, and the N-O bond order is 4/3, meaning all bonds are equivalent in the hybrid structure. Thus, the answer to the question is that there are three resonance structures for the nitrate anion where the nitrogen has a formal charge of +1.
