Answer :
Final answer:
Wide-angle fog applicators, like fire hoses, are typically operated at an inlet pressure of approximately 100 psi, but they can function with as little as 50 psi. Despite this lowered pressure in the nozzle, the fluid can exert a large force through its kinetic energy.
Explanation:
For operating wide-angle fog applicators, such as fire hoses, discussions about pressures typically imply gauge pressures. Given this, the pressure at the inlet to the nozzle should be approximately 100 psi; however, these devices can operate acceptably with an inlet pressure of as little as 50 psi (option a).
The reason for this is that the absolute pressure in the hose is greater than in the nozzle. As the water or fog emerges into the atmosphere without other changes in conditions, the pressure in the nozzle must be atmospheric.
Despite its lowered pressure, the fluid can exert a large force on anything it strikes by virtue of its kinetic energy. Eventually, the pressure in the stream becomes equal to atmospheric pressure once it emerges into the air.
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