Answer :
Final answer:
In the Roman Republic, citizens actively participated in governance through voting and holding office, while noncitizens contributed to society but lacked formal political rights. Over time, plebeians gained more political power, leading to a gradual expansion of rights within the civic framework. The concept of res publica highlighted the responsibilities of all individuals towards the state, regardless of citizenship status.
Explanation:
Responsibilities of Citizens and Noncitizens in the Roman Republic
In the Roman Republic, the concept of res publica emphasized the collective responsibility of both citizens and noncitizens towards the state. Roman citizens, particularly those within the patrician and plebeian classes, had a duty to participate in civic life, which included voting in elections and holding public office, such as in the senate or as consuls and tribunes. Over time, plebeians fought for and gradually gained more rights, becoming able to elect tribunes to represent their interests and partake in the governing process. Meanwhile, noncitizens, such as freedmen and inhabitants of conquered territories, were often excluded from significant political roles and lacked the same rights as citizens; nonetheless, they played important roles in society and economy, contributing to civic participation through various means, albeit without formal political power.
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