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------------------------------------------------ A computer has both L1 and L2 cache. Access time is 5 nanoseconds for the L1 cache, 15 nanoseconds for the L2 cache, and 60 nanoseconds for RAM.

60% of memory references hit on L1 cache, 35% on L2, and 5% on RAM.

What is the average access time?

To calculate the average access time, we need to consider the percentage of memory references hitting each level of cache and the respective access times.
Given:
- L1 cache access time: 5 nanoseconds
- L2 cache access time: 15 nanoseconds
- RAM access time: 60 nanoseconds
- L1 cache hit percentage: 60%
- L2 cache hit percentage: 35%
- RAM hit percentage: 5%

Let's calculate the average access time step by step:

1. Calculate the average access time for the L1 cache hits:
- Multiply the L1 cache access time (5 ns) by the L1 cache hit percentage (60%): 5 ns * 0.60 = 3 ns

2. Calculate the average access time for the L2 cache hits:
- Multiply the L2 cache access time (15 ns) by the L2 cache hit percentage (35%): 15 ns * 0.35 = 5.25 ns

3. Calculate the average access time for the RAM hits:
- Multiply the RAM access time (60 ns) by the RAM hit percentage (5%): 60 ns * 0.05 = 3 ns

4. Add up the average access times for each level of cache hit:
- Sum the average access time for the L1 cache hits (3 ns), the L2 cache hits (5.25 ns), and the RAM hits (3 ns): 3 ns + 5.25 ns + 3 ns = 11.25 ns

Therefore, the average access time for the computer is 11.25 nanoseconds.
This calculation assumes that the cache levels are independent and there are no dependencies or delays between them.

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