Answer :
9) Random Sample start by defining your target population, which is the group you want to study or make inferences
10) Self-report data is the information that is collected directly from individuals through surveys, questionnaires, or interviews.
11) Correlational Research is the collecting data on the variables of interest and then analyzing the data to determine the strength and direction of the relationship
12) The positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase.
13) The perfect correlation occurs when there is a precise relationship between variables, zero correlation means that there is no relationship.
14) Correlational data can show that there is a relationship between two variables, but it cannot establish cause-and-effect relationship.
9. To create a random sample, you would start by defining your target population, which is the group you want to study or make inferences about.
Then, you can use various methods to select individuals from this population in a random and unbiased manner. One common method is simple random sampling, where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
This can be achieved by using a random number generator or by assigning numbers to individuals and using a random number table.
Another method is stratified random sampling, where the population is divided into subgroups or strata, and individuals are randomly selected from each stratum in proportion to their representation in the population.
10. Self-report data refers to information that is collected directly from individuals through surveys, questionnaires, or interviews. While self-report data can provide valuable insights into people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, there are some potential problems associated with it.
One problem is social desirability bias, where individuals may provide responses that they think are socially acceptable or desirable, rather than being completely honest. Another problem is memory bias, where individuals may not accurately remember or recall information, leading to inaccuracies in the data.
Additionally, self-report data can be influenced by factors such as mood, personal interpretation, and response bias, further affecting its reliability and validity.
11. Correlational research aims to examine the relationship between two or more variables. The process involves collecting data on the variables of interest and then analyzing the data to determine the strength and direction of the relationship. This is usually done using statistical techniques such as correlation coefficients.
Correlational research does not involve manipulating variables or establishing cause and effect relationships, but rather focuses on exploring associations and making predictions. It is important to note that correlation does not imply causation, and other factors or variables could be influencing the observed relationship.
12. In correlation, a positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase.
For example, there may be a positive correlation between studying hours and exam scores, suggesting that as study time increases, exam scores also increase.
On the other hand, a negative correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease. For instance, there may be a negative correlation between temperature and ice cream sales, indicating that as temperature increases, ice cream sales decrease.
13. A perfect correlation occurs when there is a precise and consistent relationship between two variables. In this case, all the data points fall exactly on a straight line or curve.
A zero correlation, on the other hand, means that there is no relationship or association between the variables. The data points are scattered randomly and do not follow any discernible pattern.
14. Correlational data can only show that there is a relationship between two variables, but it cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship. This is because correlation does not account for other factors or variables that could be influencing the observed relationship.
For example, there may be a positive correlation between ice cream sales and sunglasses sales, but it does not mean that buying sunglasses causes people to buy more ice cream. It could be that both variables are influenced by a common factor, such as hot weather.
To establish causation, experimental research with controlled conditions and manipulation of variables is necessary.
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