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5. Why did California want to build a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley? Describe the anthropocentrist and ecocentrist arguments. What was the final outcome?

6. Define and give an example of each type of resource:
a. Inexhaustible -
b. Renewable -
c. Nonrenewable -
d. Recyclable -

7. What is the difference between persistent and biodegradable pollution? Give an example of each.

8. Extinction is a natural process that has occurred for many species throughout the history of the Earth. Why is it considered a major problem now?

9. Name an event that brought attention to each of these issues, and a law that was passed to deal with each of these issues:
a. Pollution of the atmosphere:
b. Pollution of surface waters:
c. Extinction of species:
d. Hazardous waste:
e. Cleanliness of tap water:

10. What government agency enforces each of the major environmental laws?

11. Use this table to compare developed and developing countries. Write "high" or "low" in each box. In the last row, give an example country that fits within each designation.

| | GDP | Total Fertility Rate | Life Expectancy | Consumption | Pollution Generation | Ecological Footprint | Example Country |
|----------------------|-----|----------------------|-----------------|-------------|----------------------|----------------------|------------------|
| Developing Countries | | | | | | | |
| Developed Countries | | | | | | | |

12. A can of tuna imported from Indonesia costs [tex]$1.49[/tex]. A can of tuna produced in the United States costs [tex]$4.99[/tex]. What is an example of a hidden cost behind the cheaper imported can?

13. Which environmental worldview (planetary management, wisdom, or stewardship) fits best with each of these statements?
a. The preservation of nature should be a priority over human needs.
b. Human needs come first but must be met sustainably.

Answer :

Final answer:

California built the Hetch Hetchy dam to secure water for its population, sparking debates between anthropocentric and ecocentric viewpoints. Different types of resources like inexhaustible and renewable resources were discussed, alongside issues relating to pollution and extinction. Major environmental incidents led to significant legislative changes aimed at addressing these critical ecological concerns.


Explanation:

5. Reasons for Building the Dam and Associated Arguments

California aimed to build a dam in the Hetch Hetchy valley primarily to secure a reliable water supply for the growing population of San Francisco and enhance public water security. Proponents argued from an anthropocentrist perspective, emphasizing human needs and economic growth. They believed the benefits of the dam, such as providing water and hydroelectric power, outweighed any environmental costs. On the other hand, ecocentrists argued for the intrinsic value of the natural environment, advocating that the beauty and biodiversity of Hetch Hetchy should be preserved over human development. Ultimately, the dam was built, leading to significant ecological changes and prompting ongoing debates on conservation versus development.

6. Types of Resources

  1. Inexhaustible: Resources that are unlimited in supply, such as sunlight.
  2. Renewable: Resources that can be replenished naturally over time, like wood from trees.
  3. Nonrenewable: Resources that do not replenish quickly, such as coal or oil.
  4. Recyclable: Resources that can be reprocessed for reuse, for example, aluminum cans.

7. Pollution Types

Persistent pollution refers to substances that remain in the environment for a long time without breaking down, such as heavy metals. An example is lead poisoning resulting from industrial waste. In contrast, biodegradable pollution includes organic materials that break down naturally, like food waste; an example would be a decomposed fruit.

8. Modern Extinction Crisis

While extinction is a natural process, it is currently a significant concern due to accelerated loss of species driven by human activities, including habitat destruction and climate change. The rate of extinction has increased dramatically in recent years, threatening global biodiversity and ecological stability.

9. Notable Events and Environmental Laws

  1. a. Pollution of the atmosphere: The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill led to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
  2. b. Pollution of surface waters: The 1972 Cuyahoga River fire prompted the passing of the Clean Water Act.
  3. c. Extinction of species: The Passenger Pigeon extinction helped initiate the Endangered Species Act.
  4. d. Hazardous waste: The Love Canal environmental disaster resulted in the creation of the Superfund Act.
  5. e. Cleanliness of tap water: The Flint water crisis led to updates in the Safe Drinking Water Act.

10. Enforcement Agency

The major government agency enforcing environmental laws in the United States is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

11. Developed vs. Developing Countries

Each category can be portrayed with a comparison table:

DevelopingDevelopedGDPLowHighTotal Fertility RateHighLowLife ExpectancyLowHighConsumptionLowHighPollution GenerationLowHighEcological FootprintLowHighExample CountryIndiaUnited States

12. Hidden Costs of Imported Tuna

An example of a hidden cost behind the cheaper imported tuna could be the environmental damage from overfishing and the carbon footprint involved in transportation.

13. Environmental Worldviews

  1. a. The preservation of nature should be a priority over human needs: Wisdom.
  2. b. Human needs come first but must be met sustainably: Stewardship.

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