Answer :
48) Superantigens cause a release of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2 and TNF-a, which can lead to a condition called septic shock. 49) Activated T cells with bound superantigen are induced to undergo clonal expansion. 50) Some bacteria perform degradation of IgA on mucosal surfaces using a protease.
48) Superantigens cause a release of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2 and TNF-a, which can lead to a condition called septic shock. Septic shock is characterized by a rapid loss of blood pressure.
49) Activated T cells with bound superantigen are induced to undergo clonal expansion. This means that when T cells encounter a superantigen, they are stimulated to divide and produce more T cells with the same antigen specificity. This allows the immune system to mount a stronger response against the invading pathogen.
50) Some bacteria perform degradation of IgA on mucosal surfaces using a protease. IgA is an antibody that plays a crucial role in protecting mucosal surfaces, such as those in the respiratory and digestive tracts, from pathogens. However, certain bacteria have developed mechanisms to degrade IgA using proteases, which helps them evade the immune system and establish an infection.
Overall, superantigens can lead to septic shock, activated T cells with bound superantigen undergo clonal expansion, and certain bacteria can degrade IgA using proteases.
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