High School

41. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:
a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed
b) The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
c) A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
d) An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

42. What is a cross-sectional design?
a) A study of one particular section of society, e.g., the middle classes
b) One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
c) The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
d) A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

43. Cross-cultural studies are an example of:
a) Case study design
b) Comparative design
c) Experimental design
d) Longitudinal design

44. What is a 'grand theory'?
a) One that was proposed by one of the major theorists in the sociological tradition
b) One that is highly abstract and makes broad generalizations about the social world
c) An intermediate-level explanation of observed regularities
d) A particularly satisfactory theory that makes the researcher feel happy

45. An inductive theory is one that:
a) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
b) Does not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
c) Uses quantitative methods whenever possible
d) Allows theory to emerge out of the data

46. The qualitative research strategy places a value on:
a) Using numbers, measurements, and statistical techniques
b) Generating theories through inductive research about social meanings
c) Conducting research that is of a very high quality
d) All of the above

47. An important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is:
a) Which theoretical perspective you find most interesting
b) Whether or not you have time to retile the bathroom first
c) How much time and money you have to conduct the research
d) Which color of ring binder to present your work in

48. You can manage your time and resources best by:
a) Working out a timetable
b) Finding out what resources are readily available to you
c) Calculating a budget for likely expenditure
d) All of the above

49. How can you tell if your research questions are really good?
a) If they guide your literature search
b) If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument
c) If they force you to narrow the scope of your research
d) All of the above

50. Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?
a) Your academic status and experience
b) The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic
c) Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them
d) All of the above

Answer :

Final answer:

The dependent variable in an experimental design is the one that is not manipulated and is observed for any changes. A cross-sectional design involves collecting data from multiple cases at one moment in time. Cross-cultural studies are an example of comparative design.

Explanation:

41. The dependent variable in an experimental design is the one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed. It is the variable that is being measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable. For example, if the independent variable is the amount of fertilizer given to plants, the dependent variable would be the height or growth rate of the plants.

42. A cross-sectional design is the collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time. It involves studying different groups of people or objects at the same time and comparing their characteristics. For example, a cross-sectional study might compare the income levels of people from different age groups.

43. Cross-cultural studies are an example of comparative design. These studies compare different cultures and examine the similarities and differences between them. They aim to understand how culture influences behavior, beliefs, and values.

44. A grand theory is one that is highly abstract and makes broad generalizations about the social world. It is a comprehensive and overarching theory that attempts to explain a wide range of social phenomena. Examples of grand theories include Marxism, functionalism, and feminism.

45. An inductive theory is one that allows theory to emerge out of the data. It involves collecting and analyzing empirical evidence and using it to develop theories or hypotheses. Inductive reasoning is based on specific observations or examples and uses them to generate broader theories or conclusions.

46. The qualitative research strategy places a value on generating theories through inductive research about social meanings. It emphasizes understanding the subjective experiences and perspectives of individuals and seeks to uncover the underlying meanings and interpretations of social phenomena. Qualitative research often involves methods such as interviews, observations, and analysis of texts or documents.

47. An important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is how much time and money you have to conduct the research. Research projects can be resource-intensive and require careful planning and budgeting. Time constraints and funding limitations can impact the feasibility and scope of the research.

48. You can manage your time and resources best by working out a timetable, finding out what resources are readily available to you, and calculating a budget for likely expenditure. Planning and organization are key to efficient resource management. Creating a schedule, knowing what resources are accessible, and estimating expenses can help you allocate your time and resources effectively.

49. Good research questions should guide your literature search, be linked together to help you construct a coherent argument, and force you to narrow the scope of your research. They should be clear, focused, and relevant to your research objectives. Well-defined research questions help ensure that your study is meaningful and contributes to the existing body of knowledge.

50. A research proposal should include your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them, as well as details about your academic status and experience. It should also outline the difficulties you encountered with previous reading on the topic. A research proposal is a document that outlines the plan for a research project, including the research questions, methodology, timeline, and expected outcomes.

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