Answer :
d. The correct answer is that all the listed signaling pathways - those involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation.
- Signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation are all frequently mutated in cancer.
- Mutations in these pathways can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, failure of programmed cell death, and aberrant differentiation, all of which are hallmarks of cancer.
- For instance, mutations in the genes encoding the components of the MAP kinase pathway, which affects cell proliferation, can lead to tumorigenesis.
- Mutations that prevent the initiation of apoptosis signaling or inhibit cell differentiation can also contribute to cancer development.
