Answer :
Final answer:
Self-deception is not considered a universal value, unlike Tolerance, Decency, and Self-protection, which are regarded as beneficial and widely respected across societies. Correct option is d.
Explanation:
Universal values are those that are widely recognized and respected across different cultures and societies. Generally, these values support the well-being of individuals and communities and are seen as beneficial for society as a whole. Correct option is d.
Options a, b, and c (Tolerance, Decency, Self-protection) are values that can be considered universal. Tolerance is the respect and acceptance of the diversity of others' beliefs and behaviors. Decency is a measure of proper behavior that aligns with respectful and moral standards in society. Self-protection is the instinct or action taken to ensure one's safety and well-being.
On the other hand, Self-deception, which is the action of lying to oneself or making oneself believe something that is not true as a mechanism of coping or denial, is generally not considered a universal value. It can often lead to negative consequences for the individual or those around them.
To illustrate a similar concept, in the context of Franklin's thirteen virtues, all of the options listed except 'mercy' are part of his virtues. Additionally, 'melancholy' is not one of the seven universal emotions described by the psychologist Paul Ekman. In the same vein, self-deception does not align with widely accepted universal values.
