Answer :
Final answer:
Grade 5 and 4 for testing shoulder extension refer to a grading scale for muscle strength or joint range of motion, with 5 indicating full strength/function and 4 indicating good but less than full capacity. Grade equivalents in educational testing are calculated using trend lines from raw scores obtained by administering a test to multiple grade levels.
Explanation:
When referring to grades 5 and 4 in the context of testing shoulder extension, it typically relates to a grading scale used in physical therapy and medical assessments to measure muscle strength or joint range of motion. In this grading scale, 'grade 5' indicates normal or full strength/function during the shoulder extension, which means the subject's shoulder can resist against maximum opposition or is able to perform the motion against gravity with full resistance applied.
On the other hand, 'grade 4' indicates good strength/function but less than normal, where the shoulder can still perform the extension against gravity with some resistance but not at full capacity.
To calculate grade equivalents in the context of educational testing, testing companies give one test to multiple grade levels. This helps establish a trend line from which grade equivalents are derived. For instance, if a test designed for fourth graders is given to third and fifth graders, their raw scores help plot a trend line.
This trend line can then be extended beyond the actual tested grades to predict performance levels for higher or lower grades. Consequently, a test result indicating a grade equivalent above 5.0 or below 3.0 would be an estimate based on these trend lines.
