Answer :
Final answer:
The indications for ankle x-ray according to the Ottawa rules include age >65 years with tenderness at the posterior edge of the distal 6 cm of the tibia or fibula, age >55 years with inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department, and isolated tenderness of the 5th metatarsal base or navicular bone. All of these indications should be considered for an ankle x-ray. So, the correct option is (d).
Explanation:
The Ottawa rules are a set of guidelines used to determine if an ankle x-ray is necessary following an injury. The indications for ankle x-ray according to the Ottawa rules are:
- Age >65 years and tenderness at the posterior edge of the distal 6 cm of the tibia or fibula. This means that if an individual is 65 years or older and experiences tenderness at the back part of the ankle's lower bone (tibia) or outer bone (fibula), an x-ray is indicated.
- Age >55 years and inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department. If a person is 55 years or older and is unable to bear weight on the injured leg immediately after the injury and in the emergency department, an x-ray is warranted.
- Isolated tenderness of the 5th metatarsal base or navicular bone. X-ray is indicated if there is tenderness on just the base of the fifth metatarsal bone or the middle bone of the foot (navicular bone). Hence, the correct option is d) All of the above since all the mentioned indications are part of the Ottawa rules.
