Answer :
Final answer:
Ravenstein's laws of migration essentially revolve around distance and migration. He proposed that migrants often move shorter distances to urban areas and that each migration flow produces a counter-flow. The laws also suggest that migrants will travel only the necessary distance, which is backed by modern observations of animal species migrations due to changes in environmental conditions.
Explanation:
Ernest Georg Ravenstein, a German-English geographer, proposed laws of migration in the 19th century. His theories primarily focus on distance and migration. According to Ravenstein:
- Migrants will usually move a short distance. This is evidenced by both humans and animals. For instance, animals like birds and fish migrate seasonally to find resources, usually migrating only the distance necessary.
- Those that move longer distances will typically choose to move to urban areas, which can be illustrated by the example of the wildebeests migrating over 1800 miles each year in search of new grasslands.
- The process of absorption, wherein people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, continues, until the pull of the town is expressed in very remote uplands and islands.
- Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.
- Long-range migrants often head to great centers of commerce and industry.
To relate with the modern age, Ravenstein's law that migrants will travel only the distance necessary can be seen in the observed range shifts of species like European bird species moving northwards due to warming trends, providing evidence that migration distances follow resource availability and environmental conditions.
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