Answer :
Final answer:
The survival of the Byzantine Empire amidst varied attacks can largely be attributed to their defensive fortifications, strategic geopolitical situation, strong administration and use of diplomacy. Particularly significant was the Walls of Constantinople, a key fortification protecting the Byzantine capital.
Explanation:
The survival of the Byzantine Empire during the period of 250-850 CE amidst Germanic, Persian, and Arab attacks can be attributed to their defensive fortifications, strategic geopolitical situation, and robust administrative system. They had abundant resources and a strategic location, especially Constantinople, with its triple walls providing a virtually impregnable defense which was a significant barrier to many attackers, such as the Arabs and Persians. Additionally, the Byzantine Empire had a robust bureaucratic system grounded in Roman models which permitted the maximum possible extraction of resources for military means.
Furthermore, the Byzantine Empire also used diplomacy and strategic marriage alliances to prevent attacks and form beneficial alliances. They also capitalized on the weakness and division of their rivals, such as the Sasanian Persians, particularly during periods of wars and conflict, allowing the Byzantines to survive and maintain their empire. The Emperor Justinian's monumental building projects, reform of Roman law and military campaigns to retake parts of the Western Roman Empire are key example of these actions.
However, it was the defensive fortificationsof the Byzantine Empire that arguably played the most significant role in its survival against multiple threats. The Walls of Constantinople, for example, were a massive fortification system which was essentially secure until the advent of gunpowder made their defensive efficacy moot. These fortifications ensured that the Empire survived several sieges, maintaining the integrity of the Empire for many years.
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