College

Tribhuvan University
Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences
2021
Master Degree in Psychology

**Code:** Ne Pay. 556
**Time:** 3 hours
**Course Title:** Contemporary Theories in Psychology
**Full Marks:** 60
**Pass Marks:** 30

Candidates are required to answer the questions in their own words as far as possible.

**Group A: Answer any TWO questions.**
*(2x10 = 20)*

1. Critically analyze the basic ideas of social constructionism in psychology and how they are similar or different from the ideas forwarded by postmodernism.
2. Discuss the antecedent influences on the development of positive psychology.
3. Justify how humanistic psychology is the third force in psychology.

**Group B: Answer any EIGHT questions.**
*(8x5 = 40)*

4. How did existential psychology contribute to the development of humanistic psychology?
5. Describe the different issues in positive psychology.
6. Compare the concepts forwarded by conflict theory and critical psychology.
7. Describe the concepts forwarded by Vygotsky.
8. Explain the basic ideas of descriptive psychology.
9. Describe the necessary conditions for a flow state.
10. Explain the applications of positive psychology with appropriate examples.
11. Describe the basic ideas of social identity theory in psychology.
12. What is the concept of self-actualization forwarded by Abraham Maslow? Elaborate.
13. Write short notes on:
a) Methodological issues in discursive psychology
b) Concept of schema

Answer :

Final answer:

This detailed answer explores psychodynamic and behavioral psychology, contrasting their focus on unconscious processes and observable behavior, respectively. With foundational contributions from Freud and behaviourists like Watson and Skinner, both frameworks offer valuable insights into human behavior. Real-world applications of these theories help explain behavior through different psychological lenses.


Explanation:

Critically Discussing Various Models and Theories of Psychodynamic and Behavioural Psychology

The field of psychology encompasses numerous theoretical frameworks, with psychodynamic and behavioural psychology standing out for their historical significance and contrasting methodologies. Psychodynamic theories, originating primarily from the work of Sigmund Freud, emphasize unconscious processes, the significance of early childhood experiences, and the impact of internal conflicts on behavior. For example, Freud's structural model of the mind divides it into three parts: the id, ego, and superego, each playing a crucial role in personality development and behavior regulation.

On the other hand, behavioural psychology, influenced by figures such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and the principles of learning through conditioning. Behaviourism posits that all behaviors are acquired through classical conditioning (as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs) or operant conditioning, where reinforcement or punishment influences behaviour. This empirical approach is often utilized in practical applications, such as behaviour modification therapies for treating phobias and maladaptive behaviors.

Comparison of Psychological Types

Both frameworks not only provide insights into human behavior but also encourage understanding individual differences. For instance, psychodynamics explains personality types through the lens of id, ego, and superego interplay, while behaviourism classifies individuals based on their conditioned responses to stimuli in their environment. In everyday scenarios, these theories can be applied to interpret reasons behind certain behaviors—whether a child throws a tantrum due to unmet unconscious desires (psychodynamic) or learned responses from lack of reinforcement (behavioral).


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