High School

The phylogeny depicts the relationships among a group of related cricket species living in the Hawaiian Islands. At the top tips of the phylogeny, letters designate which island the species is found on (K = Kauai, O = Oahu, M = Maui, H = Hawaii). "Tick marks" on some branches show migration events by particular ancestors to specific islands.

a. To which island must the first cricket to colonize these islands have migrated?

b. The map shows the ages of the different Hawaiian Islands (Mya = millions of years ago). These islands arise as this tectonic plate moves westward across a "hot spot" (magma chimney) below the ocean. Propose a hypothesis to explain the directionality of the migration events inferred from the phylogeny. (Use at most two sentences.)

c. Within the clade of species currently living on the island of Hawaii, there are two species that reside on Maui. How is this most parsimoniously explained? (One sentence only.)

Answer :

Final answer:

The first cricket to colonize these islands must have migrated first to Oahu. The directionality of migration events can be explained by a hypothesis suggesting a preference for younger islands closer to the hot spot. The presence of two species from Maui on the island of Hawaii is explained by speciation.

Explanation:

a. The first cricket to colonize these islands must have migrated first to Oahu.

b. The directionality of the migration events inferred from the phylogeny can be explained by a hypothesis that suggests crickets preferentially colonized younger islands closer to the hot spot, as shown by migration events moving from east to west.

c. The most parsimonious explanation for the presence of two species from the island of Maui within the clade of species currently living on the island of Hawaii is through a process called speciation, where ancestral populations became isolated on different islands and eventually diverged into different species.

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a. The first cricket to colonize these islands must have migrated first to the island of Kauai.

b. Migration events follow the direction of island formation.

c. Two species from Hawaii migrated to Maui through island hopping.

a. The first cricket to colonize the Hawaiian islands must have migrated to the island of Kauai because it is the oldest island in the archipelago, represented by the letter 'K' on the phylogeny. As new islands formed over time, subsequent migration events occurred, leading to the colonization of other islands.

b. The directionality of migration events can be explained by the geological formation of the Hawaiian islands. The islands arise as the Pacific tectonic plate moves westward across a "hot spot" beneath the ocean, where magma rises to the surface and creates volcanic activity. As the plate moves, new islands form in a linear progression. The oldest islands, such as Kauai, are located towards the northwest, while the younger islands, such as Hawaii, are towards the southeast. This sequential formation of the islands provides a natural directional pathway for migration events, with species colonizing newer islands as they are formed.

c. The presence of two species from the island of Hawaii on Maui can be explained by a process known as island hopping. Ancestral crickets originally colonized the island of Hawaii and subsequently diversified. Some descendants of these ancestral species then migrated to neighboring islands, including Maui, resulting in the presence of two distinct species on Maui within the clade of species currently living on the island of Hawaii.

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