Answer :
The overall steps of B-cell activation include binding of antigen, antigen processing and presentation, B/helper T cell cooperation and recognition, B-cell activation, clonal expansion, and differentiation into plasma and memory cells.
- Binding of antigen: The B-cell activation process starts with the binding of an antigen to the B-cell receptor.
- Antigen processing and presentation: Once bound, the antigen is processed and presented on the surface of the B-cell.
- B/Helper T cell cooperation and recognition: The B-cell must then interact with a helper T cell, which recognizes and binds to the presented antigen.
- B-cell activation: The interaction with the helper T cell triggers the activation of the B-cell.
- Clonal expansion of those B cell populations: The activated B-cell undergoes clonal expansion, leading to the production of a large population of identical B-cells.
- Differentiation into plasma and memory cells: Finally, the expanded B-cell population differentiates into plasma cells, which produce antibodies, and memory cells, which provide long-term immunity.
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