Answer :
Final answer:
Judges issue warrants on the principle of probable cause, which allows law enforcement to take specific actions against someone if there is reasonable evidence they have committed a crime. Exceptions exist where the police can arrest or search without a warrant in some circumstances. This standard is different and less than being 'guilty beyond a reasonable doubt,' which is needed to convict someone in a trial. Therefore the correct option is a.
Explanation:
Judges issue warrants based on the principle of probable cause. Probable cause is the amount of evidence required for the government to take specific actions against a defendant in a criminal investigation or case, and it's determined on a case-by-case basis. It refers to a reasonable belief, based on factual evidence, that a person has committed a crime. It differs from a suspicion or a hunch as it is grounded on concrete evidence and facts.
The requirement of probable cause applies both to search and arrest warrants. However, it's important to note that most states allow police to arrest an individual suspected of a felony without a warrant if probable cause exists. Even though probable cause is key for issuing warrants and conducting arrests or searches, it doesn't meet the same standard as being guilty beyond a reasonable doubt—which is the standard required to convict a person in a criminal trial.
Nevertheless, it's vital to remember that not all situations require a warrant. Some specific circumstances, such as the exigent circumstances or plain view doctrine, allow police to search or seize property without a warrant. Then again, these scenarios are controlled by both statutory and constitutional laws to prevent arbitrary violations of personal rights and liberties.
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