Answer :
Final answer:
The correct order of stages in undisrupted primary succession is: 1) Pioneer species, intermediate species, and climax community, with pioneer species colonizing the new substrate first, followed by intermediate species, and finally the establishment of a climax community.
Explanation:
The correct order of stages in undisrupted primary succession is: 1) Pioneer species, intermediate species, climax community. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: 1) Pioneer species, intermediate species, climax community.
Primary succession is the series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before. Examples include new land formed from volcanic lava or land left after a glacier retreats. Initially, pioneer species such as lichens and some hardy plants colonize the barren substrate.
These organisms are highly adapted to harsh conditions and can initiate soil formation. As the soil develops, more species such as grasses and perennials can take root and later give way to larger plants like shrubs and trees. These are known as intermediate species.
Eventually, the ecosystem reaches a stable equilibrium with the development of a climax community, which is a more diverse and permanent community.
