Answer :
Final answer:
To remember printed words for reading and spelling, phonological processing is essential as it involves the manipulation of speech sounds and their mapping to written language, which is critical for efficient word recognition.
Explanation:
If you can analyze and manipulate the specific sounds in spoken words, the corresponding printed words will be easier to remember for reading and spelling through phonological processing(c). This is because phonological processing involves the awareness and manipulation of phonemes, the smallest units of sound in speech. Phonological awareness is an essential skill for decoding, which is blending the letter sounds together to read words, as well as for encoding, which is the ability to spell words by segmenting the spoken word into its constituent sounds and representing each sound with letters.
Studies such as those conducted by psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving demonstrate that semantic encoding, which involves processing the meaning of words, results in better memory retention compared to visual or acoustic encoding. However, in the context of reading and spelling, phonological processing directly develops the skills needed to map spoken sounds to their written counterparts, essential for efficient word recognition.
