Answer :
Final answer:
In a campfire, the majority of heat transfer to observers takes place through infrared radiation, convection contributes by carrying hot air upwards, and conduction occurs but at a much slower rate, warming nearby objects.
Explanation:
At a campfire, heat transfer occurs in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. The primary mode of heat transfer experienced by observers is through radiation, especially infrared radiation. Although the visible light from the fire is dramatic, it transfers relatively little thermal energy. However, the skin is very sensitive to infrared radiation, allowing one to sense the heat from the fire without direct visual contact.
Convection plays a role as hot air rises from the fire carrying energy with it, which can indirectly heat food being cooked above the fire and carry heat into the sky. Convection also occurs as cold air enters the area around the fire, replacing the hot air that has risen.
While conduction does occur at a campfire, it is considered negligibly slow compared to the other methods. However, it can be experienced through the warming of objects such as logs or rocks that are in direct contact with the fire.
