Answer :
Final answer:
Darwin's research supports the idea that facial expressions for certain emotions, such as anger and fear, are universal across cultures. This is further evidenced by Paul Ekman's studies demonstrating similar emotional expressions in diverse populations. Therefore, the best assumption based on their findings is that facial expressions for anger and fear are indeed universal.
Explanation:
Understanding Darwin's Research on Emotional Expressions
Charles Darwin's research emphasized the universality of emotional expressions across species and cultures. Specifically, he concluded that certain facial expressions associated with emotions, such as anger and fear, are similar regardless of cultural background. This universality supports the idea that these expressions serve adaptive purposes, enhancing survival by facilitating communication about emotional states.
Based on his observations and further studies conducted by psychologists such as Paul Ekman, there is convincing evidence that facial expressions for anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, and contempt are recognized globally. For example, Ekman's research in isolated cultures, such as a preliterate community in Papua New Guinea, revealed that even individuals who had never encountered outsiders could accurately express and identify these emotions. This suggests a biological basis for emotional expression, rather than being purely learned from cultural context.
Analysis of the Answer Choices
Given the insights from Darwin's studies and Ekman's subsequent research, the correct assumption to make would be:
- a. facial expressions for anger and fear are universal
- b. facial expressions are similar in Western countries only
- c. all facial expressions are universal
- d. facial expressions differ widely from culture to culture
While options b and d suggest limitations or exaggerations of cultural differences, option a aligns with both Darwin's and Ekman's findings regarding the universality of certain emotional expressions.
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