During a debate about intimate partner violence (IPV), Carlos argues that internalized homophobia increases the likelihood of lifetime IPV. Jose disagrees, claiming that internalized homophobia lowers IPV. Which of the following statements strengthens Carlos's argument?

A. Studies have shown that among same-sex relationships, women are more likely than men to report IPV incidents.

B. Studies have shown that lesbian women have a higher rate of IPV than gay men.

C. Studies have shown that being treated unfairly because of one's homosexual orientation increases IPV among same-sex partners.

D. Studies have shown that homosexuals who "harbor beliefs that they deserve the abuse" tend to have low levels of IPV.

The accurate statement that strengthens Carlos's argument is option C. Studies have shown that being treated unfairly because of one's homosexual orientation increase IPV among same-sex partners.

This statement supports Carlos's opinion that internalized homophobia, which involves negative feelings and beliefs about one's own sexual orientation, can increase the likelihood of IPV. The experience of discrimination and unfair treatment can lead to internalized homophobia, which can then manifest in violent behavior towards one's partner. In contrast, Jose's argument that internalized homophobia lowers IPV is not supported by any evidence.

In fact, option B, which suggests that lesbian women have a higher rate of IPV than gay men, weakens Jose's argument as it suggests that IPV is not necessarily lower among those who experience internalized homophobia.

Overall, Carlos's argument is strengthened by the evidence that internalized homophobia can increase the likelihood of IPV in same-sex relationships.

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