Answer :
Heteronormativity manifests as homophobia in mainstream Western society through the perpetuation of social norms that prioritize heterosexual relationships as the norm and marginalize non-heterosexual identities. This manifests in different ways, such as laws, cultural practices, and even individual attitudes toward non-heterosexual individuals.
Institutionalized homophobia is the systemic oppression of non-heterosexual individuals through the perpetuation of laws and policies that discriminate against them. Examples of institutionalized homophobia include laws criminalizing homosexuality, discrimination in housing, employment, and health care, and the lack of legal recognition for same-sex couples.
This kind of homophobia is often deeply rooted in social and cultural norms that have been normalized for so long that they are often seen as acceptable or even necessary practices.
As an example of institutionalized homophobia, consider the lack of legal recognition for same-sex marriages in many Western countries until very recently. For decades, same-sex couples were denied the same legal rights as heterosexual couples, such as inheritance rights and hospital visitation rights.
This discrimination was based on a socially constructed belief that only heterosexual relationships were valid and deserving of legal recognition.
In conclusion, heteronormativity manifests as homophobia in mainstream Western society through the perpetuation of social norms that prioritize heterosexual relationships as the norm and marginalize non-heterosexual identities. Institutionalized homophobia is a form of systemic oppression that discriminates against non-heterosexual individuals through laws and policies that are often deeply rooted in social and cultural norms.
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