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------------------------------------------------ **Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and the Civil Rights Act of 1964**

1. **What is the most important holding in the Brown v. Board of Education decision?**
What does the federal government prohibit as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

2. **Why does Justice Warren focus on "intangible harms" in his argument against the constitutionality of segregated schools?**

3. **What does Justice Warren mean when he states that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal"?**

4. **In what ways does the claim that separate public facilities are inherently unequal lend moral support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 or the Civil Rights Movement in general?**

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**Brown v. Board of Education (1954)**

There are findings below that the Negro and white schools involved have been equalized, or are being equalized, with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications, and salaries of teachers, and other "tangible" factors. Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on merely a comparison of these tangible factors in the Negro and white schools involved in each of the cases. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education...

We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does...

To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.

Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected... We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. This disposition makes unnecessary any discussion whether such segregation also violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment...

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**Civil Rights Act of 1964**

**Title II - Injunctive Relief Against Discrimination in Places of Public Accommodation**

Section 201. (a) All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, and privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.

(b) Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this title if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action:

1. Any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;

2. Any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on the premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;

3. Any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium, or other place of exhibition or entertainment.

Answer :

Final answer:

The Brown v. Board of Education ruling declared that segregated schools are unconstitutional, establishing that separate is inherently unequal. This foundation laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibits racial discrimination in public accommodations. Justice Warren’s emphasis on intangible harms highlights the detrimental effects of segregation on students' self-worth and societal status.


Explanation:

Key Questions on Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Act of 1964

  1. Important Holdings: The most significant holding in the Brown v. Board of Education decision is that the Supreme Court declared public school segregation unconstitutional, stating that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This was pivotal in dismantling the separate but equal doctrine upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson. As a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the federal government prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in places of public accommodation, which includes schools.
  2. Justice Warren's Focus on Intangible Harms: Justice Warren focused on "intangible harms" in his argument against segregated schools to illustrate how segregation fosters feelings of inferiority among minority students. This psychological damage, which cannot be easily quantified, deeply affects the self-esteem and personal development of children.
  3. Meaning of Inherently Unequal: When Justice Warren states that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal," he means that even if the physical aspects of schools (like buildings and resources) seem equal, the very act of segregation creates an unequal environment where children of certain races are viewed as inferior. This structural inequality conflicts with the principles of justice and equality outlined in the Constitution.
  4. Morality of Civil Rights Movement: The assertion that separate public facilities are inherently unequal lends moral support to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the overall Civil Rights Movement by reinforcing the idea that segregation not only impacts educational opportunities but is fundamentally unjust. This principle helped galvanize support for civil rights actions, asserting that equality must be a legal and moral standard.

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