Answer :
Final answer:
The proper arrangement of succession events is pioneer species, soil formation, plant growth, and climax species. Pioneer species initiate soil formation on new land or substrate. As the soil improves, plant growth occurs and, over time, leads to the establishment of a climax species or community.
Explanation:
The correct order of events in succession is: pioneer species, soil formation, plant growth, and finally climax species. This sequence is described in primary succession, where new land or substrate is initially colonized by pioneer species that can thrive in these harsh conditions. These species, which can include lichens and mosses, start the process of soil formation as they break down the rock and add organic material into the environment through their own growth and decay.
Following soil formation, plant growth begins to take place, with hardier, fast-growing species like grasses taking hold. Over time, these are replaced by shrubs and small trees, which in turn are replaced by larger trees. As the community matures, this culminates in the establishment of a climax species or community, which remains until the next disturbance. The climax community is a more stable community, characteristic of a given climate and geology.
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