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------------------------------------------------ All of the following are included in Ravenstein's laws of migration except:

A. Most migration proceeds step-by-step.
B. Most migrants go only a short distance.
C. Most migration is urban to rural.
D. Most migrants are adults.

Ravenstein's laws of migration outline characteristics of migration patterns, including the fact that most migration is not urban to rural (Option C), but rather the opposite. These laws still inform our understanding of migration dynamics today.

Explanation:

All of the following are included in Ravenstein's laws of migration except: (Option C) most migration is urban to rural. Ernst Ravenstein, a British demographer, outlined several general characteristics of migration and migrants in the late 19th century, many of which hold true today. These include the tendencies for migrants to move short distances, for migrations to produce counter-flows, and for migrants to be driven primarily by economic factors. Contrary to the incorrect option, most migration, especially in contemporary times, tends to be from rural to urban areas rather than the reverse, as people often move in search of better employment opportunities and living conditions in urban centers.

Ravenstein's laws also noted tendencies such as long-distance migrants moving towards major cities, and economic factors being the main reasons for migration. However, the assertion that most migration is urban to rural does not align with Ravenstein's observations or current migration trends.