Answer :
The correct option is a) orthographic. An orthographic projection provides a realistic view of a hemisphere on Earth as seen from space, with lines of projection perpendicular to the mapping plane, suitable for maps of the poles.
An orthographic projection of the Earth mimics the view from space. This type of projection is a method of portraying the curved surface of the Earth on a flat planar surface of a map. It provides a view of the hemisphere as it would appear from outer space, at an infinite distance, making lines of projection perpendicular to the mapping plane. This results in a perspective where the relative positions of points on the surface are maintained, and the parallels near the equator appear farther apart than those near the poles.
The orthographic projection is especially useful for creating maps of the Northern or Southern hemispheres, creating a very realistic view of the Earth's curvature as if one were looking down from space. It's one of the most straightforward projections to understand and is frequently used for both celestial representations and geographical mapping. Therefore the correct option is a) orthographic.
