Answer :
The question is about understanding different types of forces within the context of engineering, particularly structural engineering, where these forces affect how various parts of a structure behave. Here's a breakdown of each force described in the question:
8.3.1. Shear: This is the force that causes one part of a structure to slide over another part. Think of it as the force that acts parallel to the surface, which can potentially cause the layers or parts within a structure to shift.
8.3.2. Compression: This force presses, pushes, or squashes a structure. Imagine squeezing a sponge or squashing a can; the force applied is compressive.
8.3.3. Torsion: These are forces that twist parts of a structure. If you think about wringing out a wet towel, the twisting action you're applying is a torsional force.
8.3.4. Tension: This force stretches a member or component of a structure. It's like pulling on both ends of a rubber band to make it longer.
8.3.5. Bending: This is the force that makes parts of the structure bend. An example is when you apply weight to the center of a plank that is supported at both ends; the plank bends under the weight.
Understanding these forces is critical in engineering to ensure structures can withstand various loads without failing.
