Answer :
- It is an invalid Argument (C).
The argument presented is an example of affirming the consequent, which is a logical fallacy. Just because the streets are wet does not necessarily mean it has rained. There could be other reasons for the streets being wet, such as a street cleaning or someone watering the plants.
- It is a Valid Argument (C).
The argument follows a logical structure: if a condition (studying hard) is met, then the outcome (passing exams) will occur. Since Mulu studied hard, it implies she will pass her exams, assuming there are no exceptional circumstances interfering.
- It is Valid, Sound (A).
The argument is structured correctly and the premises are assumed to be true. If all university students in Ethiopia excel in mathematics and Daniel is a university student in Ethiopia, then logically, Daniel excels in mathematics.
- Inductive, Strong (D).
This is an inductive argument because it draws a conclusion based on the probability and strength of the premises. The Evening Gazette is known for its accuracy, making it likely but not certain that the singer will perform. Inductive arguments are considered strong when the premises logically lead to the conclusion.
- The systematic formulation and evaluation of arguments based on principles of sound reasoning (A).
Logic, as a discipline, is concerned with the principles that guide valid inference and reasoning, ensuring that arguments are formulated and evaluated systematically.
- Analyzing the nature of ultimate reality and existence itself (B).
Metaphysics focuses on understanding the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and the universe, exploring questions beyond the physical.
- The exploration of nature, sources, and limits of knowledge (D).
This refers to the field of epistemology, which examines what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and how it is validated, questioning the essence of belief and knowledge.
- The development of intellectual independence and the ability to think critically and creatively (B).
Studying philosophy encourages students to develop critical thinking skills and intellectual independence, fostering the ability to evaluate and create new ideas.
- Philosophy involves a critical and systematic approach to fundamental questions and concepts (B).
Philosophy is characterized by inquiry into fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, and reason, employing a critical and systematic method.
- A pursuit characterized by the love of wisdom (C).
The term "philosophy" is derived from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom), meaning "the love of wisdom." Philosophers seek wisdom concerning fundamental truths.
- Establishing and evaluating the principles of valid reasoning in argumentation (A).
Logic focuses on the principles of valid reasoning, ensuring that arguments are structured in a way that the conclusions follow logically from the premises.
